VIII. AREA OF OPERATION:
SLOW FLIGHT AND STALLS Index
A. TASK: MANUEVERING DURING SLOW FLIGHT Index
REFERENCES: 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
 
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to maneuvering during slow flight.
2. Selects an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower than 3,000 feet (920 meters) AGL or the recommended altitude, whichever is higher.
3. Stabilizes the airspeed at 10 knots, +10/-5 knots, above 1.2 VS1 or VMC, whichever is greater.
4. Accomplishes coordinated straight-and-level flight and level turns, at bank angles and in configurations, as specified by the examiner.
5. Accomplishes coordinated climbs and descents, straight and turning, at bank angles and in configurations, as specified by the examiner.
6. Divides attention between airplane control and orientation.
7. Maintains the specified altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); the specified heading, ±10°; and the specified airspeed, +10/-5 knots.
8. Maintains the specified angle of bank, not to exceed 30° in level flight, +0/-10°; maintains the specified angle of bank, not to exceed 20° in climbing or descending flight, +0/-10°; rolls out on the specified heading, ±10°; and levels off from climbs and descents within ±100 feet (30 meters).
 
 
B. TASK: POWER-OFF STALLS Index
NOTE: No stall shall be performed with one engine throttled or inoperative and the other engine(s) developing effective power.
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-67; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
 
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to power-off stalls. This shall include an understanding of the aerodynamics of a stall which occurs as a result of uncoordinated flight. Emphasis shall be placed upon recognition of and recovery from a power-off stall.
2. Selects an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower than 3,000 feet (920 meters) AGL or the recommended altitude, whichever is higher.
3. Establishes a stabilized approach in the approach or landing configuration, as specified by the examiner.
4. Transitions smoothly from the approach or landing attitude to the pitch attitude that will induce a stall.
5. Maintains a specified heading, ±10°, if in straight flight; maintains a specified angle of bank not to exceed 30°,
+0/-10°, if in turning flight, while inducing the stall.
6. Recognizes and announces the first aerodynamic indications of the oncoming stall, i.e., buffeting or decay of control effectiveness.
7. Recovers promptly after a stall occurs by simultaneously decreasing the pitch attitude, applying power, and leveling the wings to return to a straight-and-level flight attitude with a minimum loss of altitude appropriate for the airplane.
8. Retracts the flaps to the recommended setting; retracts the landing gear, if retractable, after a positive rate of climb is established; accelerates to VY before the final flap retraction; returns to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the examiner.
 
 
C. TASK: POWER-ON STALLS Index
NOTE: No stall shall be performed with one engine throttled or inoperative and the other engine(s) developing effective power.
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-67; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
 
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to power-on stalls. This shall include an understanding of the aerodynamics of a stall which occurs as a result of uncoordinated flight. Emphasis shall be placed upon recognition of and recovery from a power-on stall.
2. Selects an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower than 3,000 feet (920 meters) AGL or the recommended altitude, whichever is higher.
3. Establishes the takeoff or departure configuration, airspeed, and power as specified by the examiner.
4. Transitions smoothly from the takeoff or departure attitude to the pitch attitude that will induce a stall.
5. Maintains a specified heading, ±10°, if in straight flight; maintains a specified angle of bank not to exceed 20°,
+0/-10°, if in turning flight, while inducing the stall.
6. Recognizes and announces the first aerodynamic indications of the oncoming stall, i.e., buffeting or decay of control effectiveness.
7. Recovers promptly after a stall occurs by simultaneously decreasing the pitch attitude, applying power as appropriate, and leveling the wings to return to a straight-and-level flight attitude with a minimum loss of altitude appropriate for the airplane.
8. Retracts the flaps to the recommended setting; retracts the landing gear after a positive rate of climb is established; accelerates to VY before the final flap retraction; returns to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the examiner.
 
 
D. TASK: SPIN AWARENESS Index
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-67; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to spin awareness by explaining:
 
1. Flight situations where unintentional spins may occur.
2. The technique used to recognize and recover from unintentional spins.
3. The recommended spin recovery procedure for the airplane used for the practical test.
 
 
IX. AREA OF OPERATION:
BASIC INSTRUMENT MANEUVERS Index
A. TASK: STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT Index
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-27.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
 
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during straight-and-level flight.
2. Maintains straight-and-level flight solely by reference to instruments using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated control application.
3. Maintains altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); heading, ±20°; and airspeed, ±10 knots.
 
B. TASK: CONSTANT AIRSPEED CLIMBS Index
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-27.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
 
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during straight, constant airspeed climbs.
2. Establishes the climb configuration specified by the examiner.
3. Transitions to the climb pitch attitude and power setting on an assigned heading using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated control application.
4. Demonstrates climbs solely by reference to instruments at a constant airspeed to specific altitudes in straight flight.
5. Levels off at the assigned altitude and maintains that altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); maintains heading, ±20°; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.
 
 
C. TASK: CONSTANT AIRSPEED DESCENTS Index
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-27.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
 
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during straight, constant airspeed descents.
2. Establishes the descent configuration specified by the examiner.
3. Transitions to the descent pitch attitude and power setting on an assigned heading using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated control application.
4. Demonstrates descents solely by reference to instruments at a constant airspeed to specific altitudes in straight flight.
5. Levels off at the assigned altitude and maintains that altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); maintains heading, ±20°; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.
 
D. TASK: TURNS TO HEADINGS Index
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-27.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
 
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during turns to headings.
2. Transitions to the level-turn attitude using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and coordinated control application.
3. Demonstrates turns to headings solely by reference to instruments; maintains altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); maintains a standard rate turn and rolls out on the assigned heading, ±20°; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.
 
 
E. TASK: RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL FLIGHT ATTITUDES Index
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-27.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
 
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during unusual attitudes.
2. Recognizes unusual flight attitudes solely by reference to instruments; recovers promptly to a stabilized level flight attitude using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation and smooth, coordinated control application in the correct sequence.
 
F. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS, NAVIGATION SYSTEMS/FACILITIES, AND RADAR SERVICES Index
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-27.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
 
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio communications, navigation systems/facilities, and radar services available for use during flight solely by reference to instruments.
2. Selects the proper frequency and identifies the appropriate facility.
3. Follows verbal instructions and/or navigation system/facilities for guidance.
4. Determines the minimum safe altitude.
5. Maintains altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters); maintains heading, ±20°; maintains airspeed, ±10 knots.
 
 
X. AREA OF OPERATION:
EMERGENCY OPERATIONS Index
A. TASK: EMERGENCY DESCENT Index
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
 
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
 
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to an emergency descent.
2. Recognizes the urgency of an emergency descent.
3. Establishes the recommended emergency descent configuration and airspeed, and maintains that airspeed,
±5 knots.
4. Demonstrates orientation, division of attention, and proper planning.
5. Follows the appropriate emergency checklist.
 
B. TASK: MANEUVERING WITH ONE ENGINE INOPERATIVE Index
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
NOTE: The feathering of one propeller shall be demonstrated in multiengine airplanes equipped with propellers which can be safely feathered and unfeathered in flight. An appropriately equipped airplane shall be provided by the applicant. This shall be performed at altitudes, in areas and from positions where safe landings on established airports can be readily accomplished, in the event difficulty is encountered in unfeathering and/or restarting. A propeller that cannot be unfeathered during the practical test shall be treated as an emergency.
At altitudes lower than 3,000 feet (920 meters) above the surface, simulated engine failure shall be performed by throttling the engine back to idle and then establishing zero thrust.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
 
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to maneuvering with one engine inoperative.
2. Recognizes engine failure, maintains control, and utilizes the recommended emergency procedure.
3. Sets the engine controls, reduces drag, and identifies and verifies the inoperative engine after simulated engine failure.
 
4. Establishes the recommended best engine inoperative airspeed.
5. Banks toward the operating engine as required for best performance, trims the airplane, and maintains control.
6. Attempts to determine the reason for the engine malfunction, if appropriate.
7. Feathers the propeller of the inoperative engine.
8. Monitors the operating engine and makes adjustments as necessary.
9. Follows the appropriate emergency checklist to verify procedures for securing the inoperative engine and turns toward the nearest suitable airport.
10. Demonstrates coordinated flight with one engine inoperative (propeller feathered), including-
a. straight-and-level flight.
b. turns in both directions.
c. descents to assigned altitudes.
d. climbs to assigned altitudes, if the airplane is capable of climbing under the existing conditions.
 
11. Divides attention between coordinated control, the flightpath, and orientation.
12. Demonstrates engine restart in accordance with recommended procedures.
13. Maintains the specified altitude, ±100 feet (30 meters); the specified heading, ±10°; and the specified airspeed, ±10 knots.
14. Maintains the specified angle of bank, ±10°; rolls out on the specified heading, ±10°; and levels off from climbs and descents within ±100 feet (30 meters).
 
 
C. TASK: ENGINE INOPERATIVE-LOSS OF DIRECTIONAL CONTROL DEMONSTRATION Index
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
NOTE: Airplanes with normally aspirated engines will lose power as altitude increases because of the reduced density of the air entering the induction system of the engines. This loss of power will result in a VMC lower than the stall speed at higher altitudes. Also, some airplanes have such an effective rudder that even at sea level VMC is lower than stall speed. For these airplanes, a demonstration of loss of directional control may be safely conducted by limiting rudder travel to simulate maximum available rudder. Limiting rudder travel should be accomplished at a speed well above the power-off stall speed (approximately 20 knots). This will avoid the hazards of stalling one wing with maximum allowable power applied to the engine on the other wing. In the event of any indication of stall prior to loss of directional control, recover to the entry airspeed. The demonstration should then be accomplished with the rudder travel limited at a higher airspeed.
Do not perform this maneuver by increasing the pitch attitude to a high angle with both engines operating and then reducing power on the critical engine. This technique is hazardous and may result in loss of airplane control.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
 
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to engine inoperative loss of directional control by explaining the-
a. meaning of the term "critical engine."
b. effects of density altitude on the VMC demonstration.
c. effects of airplane weight and center of gravity on control.
d. reasons for variations in VMC.
e. relationship of VMC to stall speed.
f. reasons for loss of directional control.
g. indications of loss of directional control.
h. importance of maintaining the proper pitch and bank attitude, and the proper coordination of controls.
i. loss of directional control recovery procedure.
j. engine failure during takeoff including planning, decisions, and single-engine operations.
 
2. Exhibits skills in performing an engine inoperative-loss of directional control demonstration-
a. Selects an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower than 3,000 feet (920 meters) AGL or the manufacturer's recommended altitude, whichever is higher.
b. Configures the airplane at VSSE/VSSE as follows:
(1) Landing gear retracted.
(2) Flaps set for takeoff.
(3) Cowl flaps set for takeoff.
(4) Trim set for takeoff.
(5) Propellers set for high RPM.
(6) Power on the critical engine reduced to idle.
(7) Power on the operating engine set to takeoff or maximum available power.
 
c. Establishes a single engine climb attitude with the airspeed at approximately 10 knots above VSSE.
d. Establishes a bank toward the operating engine, required for best performance.
e. Increases the pitch attitude slowly to reduce the airspeed, at approximately 1 knot per second, while applying rudder to maintain directional control until full rudder is applied.
f. Recognizes and announces the first indications of loss of directional control, stall warning or buffet.
g. Recovers promptly by simultaneously reducing power sufficiently on the operating engine while decreasing the angle of attack as necessary to regain airspeed and directional control with a minimum loss of altitude. Recovery SHOULD NOT be attempted by increasing the power on the simulated failed engine.
h. Recovers within 20° of the entry heading.
i. Accelerates to VXSE/VYSE, as appropriate, +10/-5 knots, during the recovery.
 
 
D. TASK: ENGINE FAILURE DURING TAKEOFF BEFORE VMC (SIMULATED) Index
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
NOTE: Engine failure shall be accomplished before reaching 50 percent of the calculated VMC.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
 
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to engine failure on takeoff before VMC.
2. Closes throttles smoothly and promptly after simulated engine failure.
3. Maintains directional control and applies braking as necessary.
 
E. TASK: ENGINE FAILURE AFTER LIFT-OFF (SIMULATED) Index
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
 
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to engine failure after lift-off.
2. Recognizes engine failure promptly, maintains control, and utilizes the recommended emergency procedure.
3. Reduces drag, identifies and verifies the inoperative engine after simulated engine failure.
4. Simulates feathering the propeller of the inoperative engine.
5. Establishes VYSE; if obstructions are present, establishes VXSE or VMC, +10, whichever is greater, until obstructions are cleared, then transitions to VYSE.
6. Banks toward the operating engine as required for best performance, trims the airplane and maintains control.
7. Monitors the operating engine and makes adjustments as necessary.
8. Recognizes the airplane's performance capabilities. If a climb is not possible at VYSE, maintains VYSE and returns to the departure airport for a landing or initiates an approach to the most suitable landing area available.
9. Secures the inoperative engine, if appropriate.
10. Maintains heading, ±10°, and airspeed, +10/-5 knots.
11. Completes the appropriate emergency checklist.
 
F. TASK: APPROACH AND LANDING WITH AN INOPERATIVE ENGINE (SIMULATED) Index
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
 
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to an approach and landing with an inoperative engine.
2. Recognizes engine failure, maintains control, and utilizes the recommended emergency procedure.
3. Sets the engine controls, reduces drag, and identifies and verifies the inoperative engine after simulated engine failure.
4. Simulates feathering the propeller of the inoperative engine.
5. Establishes the recommended best engine inoperative airspeed, +10/-5 knots.
6. Banks toward the operating engine as required for best performance, trims the airplane, and maintains control.
7. Monitors the operating engine and makes adjustments as necessary.
8. Considers the wind conditions, landing surface, and obstructions, and selects the most suitable touchdown point.
9. Establishes the recommended best engine inoperative approach landing configuration, and airspeed.
10. Maintains a stabilized approach and the recommended approach airspeed, +10/-5 knots of VYSE until landing is assured.
11. Makes smooth, timely, and correct control application during the roundout and touchdown.
12. Touches down smoothly at or within 500 feet beyond a specified point, with no drift, and with the airplane's longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway centerline.
13. Maintains crosswind correction and directional control throughout the approach and landing.
14. Completes the appropriate emergency checklist.
 
 
G. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS Index
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
 
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to system and equipment malfunctions appropriate to the airplane provided for the flight test.
2. Analyzes the situation and takes appropriate action for simulated emergencies, such as-
a. partial or complete power loss.
b. engine roughness or overheat.
c. carburetor or induction icing.
d. loss of oil pressure.
e. fuel starvation.
f. electrical system malfunction.
g. flight instruments malfunction.
h. landing gear or flap malfunction.
i. inoperative trim.
j. inadvertent door or window opening.
k. structural icing.
l. smoke/fire/engine compartment fire.
m. any other emergency appropriate to the airplane provided for the flight test.
 
3. Follows the appropriate emergency checklist.
 
 
H. TASK: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR Index
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to emergency equipment and survival gear appropriate to the airplane provided for the flight test, by explaining-
a. location in the airplane
b. method of operation or use.
c. servicing requirements.
d. method of safe storage.
e. equipment and survival gear appropriate for operation in various climates and topographical environments.
 
2. Follows the appropriate emergency checklist.
 
XI. AREA OF OPERATION:
MULTIENGINE OPERATIONS Index
A. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS Index
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-84, AC 91-23; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
 
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to performance and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and data to determine performance and the adverse effects of exceeding limitations.
2. Computes weight and balance, including adding, removing, and shifting weight. Determines if the weight and center of gravity will remain within limits during all phases of flight.
3. Demonstrates use of the appropriate performance charts, tables, and data including takeoff, cruise, range, and endurance.
4. Calculates takeoff and climb performance, accelerate-stop and accelerate-go distances, and service ceilings - all engines, single-engine.
5. Describes the effects of atmospheric conditions on the airplane's performance.
6. Determines whether the computed performance is within the airplane's capabilities and operating limitations.
 
B. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMS Index
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
 
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the operation of systems appropriate to the airplane provided for the flight test by explaining at least three of the following :
 
1. Primary flight controls and trim.
2. Flaps, leading edge devices, and spoilers.
3. Powerplants.
4. Propellers.
5. Landing gear.
6. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic systems.
7. Electrical system.
8. Pitot-static system, vacuum/pressure system, and associated flight instruments.
 
9. Environmental system.
10. Deicing and anti-icing systems.
11. Avionics system.
 
C. TASK: ENGINE INOPERATIVE PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT Index
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; AC 61-23; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
 
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to engine inoperative principles of flight by explaining:
 
1. The meaning of the term "critical engine."
2. The reasons for variation in VMC, for loss of directional control and indications of the approaching loss.
3. The relationship of VMC to stall speed, including a determination of whether a VMC demonstration can be safely accomplished.
4. The effects of weight and center-of-gravity location.
5. The effects of density altitude.
6. Procedures for engine failure on takeoff prior to VMC, after liftoff, during cruise, and on approach to land.
7. Procedures for engine shutdown, securing, and restart.
 
 
XII. AREA OF OPERATION:
NIGHT OPERATIONS Index
NOTE: If an applicant does not meet the aeronautical experience requirements of FAR Section 61.109(a)(2), the applicant's certificate shall bear the limitation "Night Flying Prohibited."
 
A. TASK: NIGHT PREPARATION Index
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 67-2; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the elements related to night operations by explaining:
 
1. Physiological aspects of night flying including the effects of changing light conditions, coping with illusions, and how the pilot's physical condition affects visual acuity.
2. Lighting systems identifying airports, runways, taxiways and obstructions, and pilot controlled lighting.
3. Airplane lighting systems.
4. Personal equipment essential for night flight.
5. Night orientation, navigation, and chart reading techniques.
6. Safety precautions and emergencies peculiar to night flying.
 
B. TASK: NIGHT FLIGHT Index
NOTE: The examiner shall orally evaluate element 1 and at least one of the elements, 2 through 6.
 
REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 67-2; AIM; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
 
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to night flight.
2. Inspects the interior and exterior of the airplane with emphasis on those items essential for night flight.
3. Taxies and accomplishes the before takeoff check adhering to good operating practice for night conditions.
4. Performs takeoffs and climbs with emphasis on visual references.
5. Navigates and maintains orientation under VFR conditions.
6. Approaches, lands, and taxies, adhering to good operating practices for night conditions.
7. Completes all appropriate checklists.
 
XIII. AREA OF OPERATION:
POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES Index
A. TASK: AFTER LANDING Index
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
 
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to after-landing procedures.
2. Taxies to the parking/refueling area using the proper wind control technique and obstacle avoidance procedures.
3. Completes the appropriate checklist.
 
B. TASK: PARKING AND SECURING Index
REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA- Approved Airplane Flight Manual.
Objective. To determine that the applicant:
 
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to parking and securing procedures. This shall include an understanding of parking hand signals and deplaning passengers.
2. Parks the airplane properly, considering other aircraft and the safety of nearby persons and property on the ramp.
3. Follows the recommended procedure for engine shutdown and securing the cockpit and the airplane.
4. Performs a satisfactory postflight inspection.
5. Completes the appropriate checklist.

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